Research

  • PubMed systematic review: “Researchers found that shoe soles commonly carry potentially harmful bacteria picked up in everyday environments.”

  • Journal of Applied Microbiology: “The bacteria found on footwear included E. coli, MRSA and C. difficile, showing that shoes can bring far more than visible dirt indoors.”

  • University of Arizona research: “The average tested shoe carried 421,000 units of bacteria, and more than 90% transferred onto clean floor tiles.”

  • CIRI study summary: “Coliform bacteria were found on 96% of tested shoes and E. coli on 27%, with contaminated footwear transferring bacteria to clean surfaces in up to 99% of tests.”

Blog posts